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L-arginine Research
Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R)[1] is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids.
In mammals, arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual.
Infants are unable to meet their requirements and thus arginine is nutritionally essential for infants. Arginine was first isolated from a lupin seedling extract in 1886 by the Swiss chemist Ernst Schultze.
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L-arginine Research
Optimizing Nitric Oxide Production by Time Dependent L-Arginine Administration in Isolated Human Corpus Cavernosum
We investigated the relaxant effects of repetitive administration of L-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide, at hourly intervals and elucidated its mechanism of action in human corpus cavernosum.
Materials and Methods
Samples of human corpus cavernosum were suspended in an organ chamber for measurements of isometric tension. After precontraction with phenylephrine (10 μM), concentration-response curves were performed for L-arginine at 2-hour intervals (1 to 10 hours). Underlying mechanisms of relaxation were evaluated by inhibitory and stimulatory agents.
Results
After a brief incubation period of 1 to 4 hours L-arginine (0.1 to 1,000 μM) but not D-arginine induced minor changes in HCC. In contrast, when incubation time was increased to 6 to 10 hours L-arginine evoked detectable human corpus cavernosum relaxation proportional to concentration and time. Relaxation was significantly attenuated by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, the blocker of soluble guanylyl cyclase ODQ and the blocker of small conductance Ca2+ activated K+ channels apamin, and partially by the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine and the cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate dependent protein kinase G inhibitor Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS. Relaxation was potentiated in the presence of the membrane permeable cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate analogue 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate, the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil.
Conclusions
These observations demonstrate that L-arginine induces slow and prolonged relaxation of human corpus cavernosum. This may occur by restoring the endogenous amino acid pool for nitric oxide synthesis and by nitric oxide-soluble guanylyl cyclase-protein kinase G signaling involving the activation of KCa channels or by inhibiting the up-regulated RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway. The use of sildenafil combined with L-arginine further facilitates erections and it may benefit men with more severe erectile dysfunction.
Key Words: penis; impotence; sildenafil; arginine; muscle relaxation
Abbreviations: AMG, aminoguanidine; CC, corpus cavernosum; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; EC50, affinity constant; ED, erectile dysfunction; eNOS, endothelial NOS; HCC, human CC; iNOS, inducible NOS; KCa, Ca2+ activated K+ channels; L-NAME, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, NO synthase; ODQ, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one; PDE, phosphodiesterase; pEC50, apparent affinity constant; Phe, phenylephrine; PKG, protein kinase G; Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, Rp-8-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphothioate; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase; TEA, tetraethylammonium
L-arginine and vitamin D: novel adjunctive immunotherapies in tuberculosis
Worsening drug resistance and the need for prolonged treatment in tuberculosis (TB) require innovative solutions including investigation of inexpensive, safe adjunctive immunotherapies. L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, and vitamin D recently have elucidated mycobactericidal and immunomodulatory actions against TB and are deficient in people with TB. We review the potential of these agents as adjunctive TB immunotherapies and explore how comparative clinical trials might help clarify their relative importance in the human TB immune response. By enhancing mycobacterial killing in macrophages, L-arginine and vitamin D might have the potential to enable shorter duration of treatment, reduced infectivity and improved response in drug-resistant TB.
Polyaspartoyl·l-arginine inhibits platelet aggregation through stimulation of NO release from endothelial cells
Polyaspartoyl·l-arginine (PDR) is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation ex vivo but in vitro. This study attempts to elucidate the target cell of PDR action and its action mechanism. PDR (1.7–170 µg/ml) significantly inhibited platelet aggregation in vitro in the presence of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC), NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) inhibited this effect, but it was ineffective in the RAEC absence. Correspondingly, PDR increased NO level in the supernatants of the platelet reactants in RAEC presence, but failed to influence NO level in RAEC absence, and these effects of PDR were more potent than those of l-arginine. Furthermore, PDR markedly elevated the intracellular level of l-arginine, and it (17–170 µg/ml) also augmented l-citrulline level in RAEC, argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) inhibitor succinate enhanced its effect on l-citrulline but l-NAME weakened it. 170 µg/ml of PDR slightly increased the l-aspartate level in RAEC, and succinate enhanced this effect. However l-arginine, l-aspartate or the combination of l-arginine and l-aspartate failed to change levels of these amino acids. In addition, PDR (170 μg/ml) stimulated the expression of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) protein. In conclusion, the endothelial cell is direct target cell of PDR's action; PDR facilitates the entry of l-arginine by serving as a carrier of l-arginine into RAEC; it also supplies aspartic acid and stimulates ASS expression, and then enhances the intracellular citrulline–NO cycle, thus increases the availability of l-arginine and NO synthesis. Therefore the effect of PDR on platelet aggregation is primarily attributed to its stimulation of NO synthesis in endothelial cells; PDR may be a better cardiovascular protective agent than l-arginine.
Keywords: Polyaspartoyl·l-arginine; Platelet aggregation; Rat aortic endothelial cell; Nitric oxide;l-arginine; Argininosuccinate synthetase; Citrulline–NO cycle
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