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The name catuaba is used for the infusions of the bark of a number of trees native to Brazil. The most widely used barks are derived from the trees Trichilia catigua and Erythroxylum vacciniifolium.
Other catuaba preparations use the bark of trees from the following genera or families : Anemopaegma, Ilex, Micropholis, Phyllanthus, Secondatia, Tetragastris and species from the Myrtaceae.
It is often claimed that catuaba is derived from the tree Erythroxylum catuaba, but this tree has been only described once, (in 1904), and it is not known today to what tree this name referred. The name E. catuaba is therefore not a recognised species.

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Catuaba Research
Effects of the extract of Anemopaegma mirandum (Catuaba) on Rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastomas SH-SY5Y cells
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative worldwide disorders. It is characterized by a selective and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, causing a series of symptoms which might ultimately induce programmed cell death. The potential cytoprotective effects of one of the commercial extracts of Anemopaegma mirandum (Catuaba), a Brazilian tree, on Rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastomas SH-SY5Y cells was demonstrated. The cell viability, analysis of cellular morphology, nuclei morphology and ultra structural research were done by MTT-tetrazole (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, phase contrast microscopy, stained with Hoechst 33258 and electron microscopy transmission, respectively. Three different concentrations of Catuaba extract were used (0.312, 0.625 and 1.250 mg/mL). These extracts promoted an increase of 22.3 ±3.6%, 22.0 ± 2.1% and 15.8 ± 0.7% on the cell viability. Notable changes in the cellular morphology, condensation of the cell body, nuclear fragmentation and condensation into discrete dense chromatin clumps were observed when the cells were treated with 300 nM Rotenone for 48 h. These effects were partially altered when the extract of catuaba A. mirandum was added to the Rotenone treatment. Ultra structural analysis by electron microscopy demonstrated that citoplasmatic membranes and mitochondria membrane were also clearly preserved in the group treated with the extract. Therefore, in this study, our findings indicated that extracts of catuaba A. mirandum have cytoprotective effects on Rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastomas SH-SY5Y cells.
Keywords: Parkinson disease; SH-SY5Y cells; Catuaba; Cytoprotective; Rotenone

A validated higher-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of cinchonain Ib in bark and phytopharmaceuticals of Trichilia catigua used as Catuaba
The hydroalcoholic extract, prepared from authentic chopped barks of Trichilia catigua, was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode array detector (200–400 mn). The crude extract was purified by rotation locular counter-current chromatography and the chloroform fraction obtained was clean-up by solid-phase extraction. With the aim of getting preliminary structure information on-line, the methanol fraction thus obtained was analyzed by gradient elution using the diode array detector coupled to a mass spectrometer. The presence of flavalignan in this extract was inferred by the chromatographic band, in the total ion current trace, that had an [M–H]− = 451. With this information, cinchonain Ib was isolated as a pure compound from the crude hydroalcoholic extract using a solid-phase extraction procedure for the sample clean-up followed by a semi-preparative separation using the reverse mode of elution. The isolated compound, after complete characterization, was used as an external standard for the development and validation of a method for the analysis of this compound in herbal medicines using the ultraviolet as the detector. The validated method has been successfully applied for quantification of cinchonain Ib in commercialized herbal medicines sold as Catuaba in Brazil and also in standard chopped barks of T. catigua.
Keywords: Trichilia catigua; Flavalignan; Validation; HPLC; Catuaba

Potent protecting effects of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) extracts against hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity
Ishigami et al. (Ishigami et al., 1998) reported that squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH) induced skin damage in hairless mice. Kohno and Takahashi (Kohno and Takahashi, 1993) reported that SQOOH induced cytotoxicity against Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. We have already evaluated the efficacy of extracts obtained from Brazilian herbal medicines in protecting the normal human epidermis keratinocytes [NHEK(B)] against the cytotoxicity caused by SQOOH . The EtOAc extract was separated by silica-gel column chromatography into eight fractions. Fractions (Fr) 1,3 and 5 significantly protected rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells from the release of β-hexosaminidase due to SQOOH. Additionally, Fr5-1 was most effective in a Gunze three-dimensional cultured human skin model (Vitrolife-skin) against the cytotoxicity due to SQOOH and the release of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4. The mixture of cinchonains Ia and Ib and the mixture of cinchonains IIa and IIb were isolated from Fr3 and Fr5-1, respectively. The results suggest that the addition of SQOOH caused the reduction in cell viability and the release of β-hexosaminidase and cytokines as chemical mediators. The extract of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) prevented these toxic effects with the main active agents suggested to be cinchonains IIa and IIb.
Author Keywords: Author Keywords: SQOOH; Catuaba; Cytotoxicity

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