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Epimedium, also known as Barrenwort, Bishop's Hat, Fairy Wings, Horny Goat Weed, or Yin Yang Huo (Chinese : 淫羊藿), is a genus of about 60 or more species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Berberidaceae. The large majority are endemic to southern China, with further outposts in Europe, and central, southern and eastern Asia. Epimedium species are hardy perennials. The majority have four-petaled "spider-like" flowers in spring. Many are believed to be aphrodisiacs.

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Epimedium Research
Analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
A new method based on HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS/MS) has been established for the analysis of phenolic compounds in Epimedium plants. The characteristic fragmentation pathways of 29 phenolic compounds were studied, and 126 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on their mass spectra from fourteen samples including the aerial samples and the underground parts of the seven species. Furthermore, the differences in phenolic compound profiles between different Epimedium plants and two parts of the seven species were reported for the first time. Due to their significant chemical differences, these Epimedium species should be used separately in clinical practice.
Keywords: Phenolic compounds; Epimedium; HPLC–ESI-MS/MS

Simultaneous determination of seven flavonoids in Epimedium by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method
In this paper, a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) method has been developed and validated for the identification and determination of seven flavonoids, namely epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, sagittatoside B, 2″-O-rhamnosyl icariside II, and baohuoside I in Epimedium from different sources.
Keywords: Flavonoids; Epimedium; Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; Quantitative determination

A rapid method for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids in Epimedium using pressurized liquid extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography
Herba Epimedii (family Berberidaceae), Yinyanghuo in Chinese, is one of commonly used Chinese medicines. Flavonoids are considered as its active components. In this study, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 15 flavonoids, including hexandraside E, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, hexandraside F, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, epimedoside C, baohuoside II, caohuoside C, baohuoside VII, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, 2″-O-rhamnosyl icariside II and baohuoside I in different species of Epimedium. The analysis was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system with an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm I.D., 1.7 μm) and gradient elution of 50 mM acetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile within 12 min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9997) within test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower than 0.13 and 0.52 ng on column, respectively. The R.S.D.s for intra- and inter-day of 15 analytes were less than 5.0% at three levels, and the recoveries were 95.0–103.7%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantitatively analyze 15 flavonoids in different species of Epimedium. The results showed there were great variations among the contents of investigated flavonoids. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 15 investigated compounds peaks in UPLC profiles showed that 37 samples were divided into 3 main clusters, which were in accordance with their flavonoids contents. The simulative mean chromatogram of the high content cluster was generated to compare the samples from different species and/or locations of Epimedium. Four flavonoids including epimedin A, B, C and icariin were selected as markers for quality control of the species of Epimedium used as Yinyanghuo.
Keywords: Flavonoids; Epimedium; Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC); Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE); Hierarchical clustering analysis; Similarity evaluation

Trace analysis of icariin in human serum with dansyl chloride derivatization after oral administration of Epimedium decoction by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Epimedium herbs are a type of complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with high estrogenic bioactivity. The Epimedium herbal decoction mixture contains many compounds including icariin that can exert potent effects on numerous physiological processes related to human health. An ultrasensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method has been developed to determine trace levels of icariin in human serum with dansyl chloride derivatization after oral administration of the Epimedium herbal decoctions. The dansyl-icariin showed an intense protonated molecular ion at m/z 910. The collision-induced dissociation of this ion formed a distinctive product at m/z 764, corresponding to a characteristic removal of a rhamnose sugar moiety of icariin. The selected reaction monitoring, based on the m/z 910 → 764 transition, was highly specific and ultrasenstive for icariin in human serum samples. The lower limit of quantitation was 10 pg/mL icariin spiked into blank serum. The ranges of coefficients of variation for interday assays and intraday assays were 0–15.0% and 1.1–17.5%, respectively, for a wide linear range from 10 pg/mL to 4 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied to measure trace levels of icariin in a human serum after oral administration of Epimedium decoction within 48 h for the first time.
Keywords: Trace analysis; Icariin; Liquid chromatography; Tandem mass spectrometry; Epimedium decoction; Human clinical trial

Effect of lipid-based suspension of Epimedium koreanum Nakai extract on sexual behavior in rats
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Herba of Epimedium koreanum is used in traditional Chinese and Korean herbal medicine as a potent enhancer of erectile function. Icariin, the main active component of Epimedium koreanum, possesses many biological effects, such as improving cardiovascular function, hormone regulation, immunological function modulation, and anti-tumor activity.
Aim of the Study
This study supports the traditional use of extracts from Epimedium species in erectile dysfunction.
Materials and Methods
The Epimedium koreanum dry extract was suspended in wheat germ oil using lecithin and bee wax for oral administration. The effect of oral administration of two compositions (E-01 and E-02) standardized by their icariin content on the number of complete intromissions, the number of ejaculations, and the latent period of ejaculation (LPE) in rats were evaluated. E-01 and E-02 were administered orally for 10 days to the experimental animals. The control animals received olive oil for 10 days. On day 10, 0.5 h after the dose was administered to male rats, one virgin female rat was placed with one male rat.
Results
The number of complete intromissions increased to 23.3 ± 2.6 in the E-01 and E-02 group (dose 300 mg/kg body weight) (b.wt) and to 20.1 ± 2.3 in the E-02 group (dose 750 mg/kg b.wt) compared with 15.2 ± 2.4 in the control group of aged rats. The number of ejaculations increased from 1.1 ± 0.3 in the control-aged group to 2.6 ± 0.4 in the E-01 group. The LPE of male rats was 14.2 ± 1.8 min in the control-aged group. The LPE of the aged group was reduced to 9.8 ± 1.5 min, 9.8 ± 1.6 min, and 11.4 ± 1.8 min when treated with E-01 at a dose of 300 mg/kg b.wt, and E-02 at a dose of 300 mg/kg b.wt and 750 mg/kg b.wt, respectively.
Conclusion
It was established that oral administration of lipid-based suspension of dry extract of Epimedium koreanum in wheat germ oil improved erectile function of aged rats.
Keywords: Epimedium koreanum; Sexual behavior; Rats; Wheat germ oil

Allozyme Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Three Medicinal Epimedium Species from Hubei
Three Epimedium species, E. pubescens Maxim., E. sagittatum (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim., and E. wushanense T. S. Ying, which are sympatrically distributed in the western Hubei Province, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for about 2,000 years. Genetic variability and population genetic structure of 11 natural populations of these Epimedium species were investigated using isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide slab gels. Of the 22 enzyme systems prescreened, six coding for 13 loci and 45 alleles were resolved, which were used for analyzing genetic diversity and population structure at both intraspecific and interspecific levels. The results showed that: 1) high levels of genetic diversity were observed in all three species (A = 2.6-3.2, P = 69.2%-84.6%, HO = 0.274-0.377, HE = 0.282-0.369), which were higher than that of other herbaceous and animal-pollinated species with similar life-history characteristics; 2) there was significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, with one half of the loci showing heterozygote excess and the other homozygote excess, in all populations, suggesting the complicated breeding system of Epimedium species; 3) the low level of intraspecific and interspecific genetic differentiation (GST = 0.0246-0.0409 and 0.0495-0.1213, respectively) indicated a high level of gene flow among populations and close genetic relationship among the three species; and 4) UPGMA cluster analysis further showed that E. pubescens was more closely related to E. sagittatum than to E. wushanense, which was in good agreement with the morphological characters and the recent phylogenetic analysis of these species. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the mixed breeding system, long-lived perennial life form, ancient evolutionary history, and seed dispersal by ants in Epimedium are responsible for the genetic variation and population structure of these species.
Keywords: Epimedium pubescens Maxim.; E. sagittatum (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.; E. wushanense T. S. Ying; allozyme; genetic diversity; population structure

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