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Ptychopetalum is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Olacaceae, native to the Amazon rainforest. The indigenous name for the genus is Muira Puama, "potency wood".
The root and bark are used for a variety of ailments by indigenous peoples in the Rio Negro area of South America, and have become popular as herbal treatments for sexual dysfunction - Noelleecc-com, but the effectiveness of muira puama preparations are debatable]. There is evidence that Muira Puama is anxiogenic, which would be consistent with a stimulant effect, without affecting coordination

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Muira Puama Research
Serotonin receptors contribute to the promnesic effects of P. olacoides (Muira puama) Nootropic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties have been shown in a standardized ethanol extract of Ptychopetalum olacoides (POEE), a medicinal plant traditionally used by the Amazonian elderly population. It has been revealed that POEE mechanisms of action include anticholinesterase effects, and involve β-adrenergic and dopamine D1 receptors. The purpose of this study was to verify the role of serotonin receptors in the promnesic effects of this standardized extract. The step-down task in mice and selective serotonin antagonists were used. The study reveals that POEE (Muira puama) promnesic effects on short-term (acquisition, consolidation and retrieval) and long-term (retrieval) declarative aversive memories are increased by 5HT2A (but not 5HT1A) serotonin antagonists (spiperone and pindolol, respectively). The observed synergism between POEE ( Muira puama) and spiperone can be interpreted as the combined effects of two subeffective doses of two 5HT antagonists, or the known synergism between an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (POEE) and a 5HT antagonist. In conclusion it is suggested that 5HT2A serotonin receptors are relevant for the promnesic effects of this extract, adding to its multiple mechanisms of action.
Keywords: Ptychopetalum olacoides; Muira puama; Memory; Step-down; Serotoninergic; Neurodegenerative disorders

Antioxidant activities of Ptychopetalum olacoides (“muira puama”) in mice brain Ptychopetalum olacoides (Muira puama) roots are used by Amazonian peoples to prepare traditional remedies for treating various central nervous system conditions in which free radicals are likely to be implicated. Following the identification of Muira puama ethanol extract (POEE) free-radical scavenging properties in vitro, the aim of this study was to verify the in vivo antioxidant effect of POEE. Aging mice (14 months) were treated (i.p.) with saline, DMSO (20%) or POEE (100 mg/kg body wt.), and the hippocampi, cerebral cortex, striata, hypothalamus and cerebellum dissected out 60 min later to measure antioxidant enzyme activities, free-radical production and damage to macromolecules. Muira puama EE administration reduced free-radical production in the hypothalamus, lead to significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hypothalamus, as well as in the carbonyl content in cerebellum and striatum. In terms of antioxidant enzymes, catalase activity was increased in the cortex, striatum, cerebellum and hippocampus, while glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the hippocampus. This study suggests that Muira puama EE contains compounds able to improve the cellular antioxidant network efficacy in the brain, ultimately reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress.
Keywords: Ptychopetalum olacoides; Marapuama; Muira puama; Antioxidant activity; Brain; Aging

Promnesic effects of Ptychopetalum olacoides(Miura Puama) in aversive and non-aversive learning paradigms
Homemade remedies with Ptychopetalum olacoides (PO) roots are used by Amazonian peoples for treating various age-related conditions. We previously reported that Ptychopetalum olacoides ethanol extract significantly improved step-down inhibitory avoidance long-term memory in adult and reversed memory deficits in aging mice. Adding to previous data, this study shows that a single i.p. administration of Ptychopetalum olacoides ethanol extract (POEE 50 and 100 mg/kg) improved step-down inhibitory avoidance short-term memory (STM) 3 h after training in adult (2.5 month) mice; comparable results were obtained with POEE given p.o. at 800 mg/kg. Moreover, memory improvement was also observed in aging (14 months) mice presenting memory deficit as compared to adult mice. Furthermore, POEE (100 mg/kg) improved non-aversive memory systems in adult mice in an object recognition paradigm. Consistently with its traditional use this study add to previously reported data and reinforces that POEE facilitates memory processes. Although the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties described for this extract may be of relevance for improving memory processes, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the memory improvement here reported needs further scrutiny.
Keywords: Ptychopetalum olacoides; Miura puama; Long-term memory; Short-term memory; Step-down inhibitory avoidance; Object recognition; Aging

Memory retrieval improvement by Ptychopetalum olacoides in young and aging mice Amazonian peoples use traditional remedies prepared with Ptychopetalum olacoides (PO) roots for treating various age-related conditions. This study shows that a single intraperitoneally (i.p.) administration of Ptychopetalum olacoides ethanol extract (POEE, 50 and 100 mg/kg) improved memory retrieval in step-down inhibitory avoidance (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, test session latency 102 [19.38–300] and 192 [91.3–300] s, respectively versus control 24.7 [12.9–89.6]), without interfering with acquisition or consolidation in adult (2.5-month-old) mice. Comparable results were obtained with POEE given p.o. at 800 and 1000 mg/kg (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, 52.7 [19.5–297.2] and 85.7 [44.4–260.4] versus control 20.5 [8–92.6]). Moreover, memory amelioration was also observed (P ≤ 0.01) in aging (14 months) mice presenting memory deficit (14.95 [10.8–41]) as compared to adult (2.5 months) mice (57 [15.7–141.2]), with the extract given acutely i.p. 100 mg/kg (300 [133.1–300] versus control 14.95 [10.8–41]) or p.o. 800 mg/kg (28.4 [15.1–84.6] versus control 11.5 [7.8–23.3]). Indeed, aging mice treated with POEE (800 mg/kg, p.o.) performed as well as adult mice. Consistently with its traditional use, the data suggest that POEE facilitates memory retrieval. Although the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties previously described for this extract may be of relevance, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the improvement in memory retrieval here reported merit further scrutiny.
Keywords: Ptychopetalum olacoides; Miura puama; Memory retrieval; Step down; Aging; Neurodegenerative disorders
Abbreviations: PO, Ptychopetalum olacoides; POEE, Ptychopetalum olacoides ethanol extract; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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